![]() For example, the blood inflammatory marker vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF) increased 5.3% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%, 10.2%) 1-h post exposure to nickel the traumatic brain injury marker ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) increased 11% (1.2%, 21%) and 14% (0.3%, 29%) 1-h and 21-h post exposure to barium, respectively and the systemic stress marker cortisol increased 1.5% (0%, 2.9%) and 1.5% (0.5%, 2.8%) 1-h and 21-h post exposure to silver, respectively. Exposure to various metals (silver, aluminum, barium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, nickel, tin, and/or vanadium) was significantly associated with increased levels of various blood or urinary biomarkers. We used mixed-regression models to analyze associations adjusting for PM size and mass concentration.ResultsResults for metals were expressed as change (%) from daily pre-exposure biomarker levels after exposure to a metal at a level equivalent to the mean concentration. Blood and urine samples were collected pre-exposure, and 1-h and 21-h post exposure for assessment of biomarkers. Metal concentrations and OP (measured by ascorbate and glutathione depletion in synthetic airway fluid) in PM were analyzed. Exposures lasted 130 min, separated by ≥2 weeks. In this exploratory study, we examined the effects of metals and oxidative potential (OP) in urban PM on biomarkers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and neural function.MethodsFifty-three healthy non-smoking volunteers (mean age 28 years, twenty-eight females) were exposed to coarse (2.5-10 μm, mean 213 μg/m3), fine (0.15-2.5 μm, 238 μg/m3), and/or ultrafine concentrated ambient PM (3). Being able, through research, to tie observed behaviors to measured fluctuations in hormones related to stress or reproductive state can provide a great deal of insight into what those behaviors might represent and what, if anything, might be able to be done to alleviate them.BackgroundOxidative stress and inflammation are considered to be important pathways leading to particulate matter (PM)-associated disease. But the reasons behind the behaviors we observed can be elusive. Observational data will always be the most abundant data available for animals, be they captive or wild populations. In the future, increases in hair plucking behavior can be noted as a possible sign of increasing stress levels and investigated accordingly. The correlation of the observational data with measurements of cortisol allows researchers to definitively link this hair plucking behavior with stress levels. were able to establish a significant positive correlation between self directed hair plucking and urinary cortisol levels, measured using our DetectX® Cortisol EIA kit (K003) amongst female bonobos but not the males. 1 Incidences of grooming and hair plucking were observed and recorded over a 128 hour period, and urine samples were collected and analyzed for cortisol. Earlier in 2016 researchers studied hair plucking behavior in a group of bonobos, an endangered great ape, at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. Hair plucking behavior is also observed in other primate species, but the line between normal grooming behavior and that which is linked to stress must be established. ![]() In humans, trichotillomania is definitively linked to chronic stress and is diagnosed primarily in women and adolescent girls. ![]() As an example, let us consider compulsive hair plucking. However, when considering animals housed in groups, those whose interactions with humans are limited, or native populations of animals in the wild, it can quickly become difficult to determine what level of a particular behavior is normal and what constitutes a stress induced behavior. It is critical, therefore, that they are able to recognize when an animal is stressed so steps can be taken to minimize the stress as soon as possible. Caretakers have the duty to monitor and alleviate stress if possible. Psychosocial and environmental stress can have significant effects not just on day to day mood and demeanor, but also on the immune system, reproduction, and life span. Stress – the condition keepers and animal husbandry professionals most want to avoid for the animals in their care.
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